Ann Clin Microbiol 2021;24:11-20. Risk Factors Associated with Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Escherichia coli
| Variable | No. (%) in Recurrent episodes (n = 64) | No. (%) in Single episodes (n = 124) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | 71.8 ± 18.8 | 71.6 ± 16.8 | 0.9362 |
| Male sex | 15 (23.4) | 17 (13.7) | 0.0926 |
| Acquisition site | |||
| Community-associated* | 50 (78.1) | 117 (94.4) | 0.0008 |
| Healthcare-associated | 14 (21.9) | 07 (5.7) | |
| Transfer from | |||
| Long-term care facility | 02 (3.1) | 04 (3.2) | 0.9618 |
| Acute care facility | 16 (25.0) | 27 (21.8) | |
| Clinics | 16 (25.0) | 34 (27.4) | |
| Associated disease | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 24 (37.5) | 35 (28.2) | 0.1941 |
| Chronic renal disease | 11 (17.2) | 16 (12.9) | 0.4274 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 01 (1.6) | 02 (1.6) | 0.9792 |
| Kidney transplantation | 01 (1.6) | 01 (0.8) | 0.6321 |
| Cancer | 06 (9.4) | 16 (12.9) | 0.4758 |
| BPH (male only) | 04 (26.7) | 05 (29.4) | 0.8632 |
| Hemiplegia | 08 (12.5) | 03 (2.4) | 0.0053 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 08 (12.5) | 18 (14.5) | 0.7044 |
| Dementia | 04 (6.3) | 15 (12.1) | 0.2076 |
| Charlson comorbidity index | 2.6 ± 1.5 | 2.5 ± 1.9 | 0.6923 |
| Urinary tract anomaly | 05 (7.8) | 07 (5.7) | 0.5646 |
| Surgical history | 02 (3.1) | 06 (4.8) | 0.5812 |
| Urinary catheter use | 38 (59.4) | 70 (56.5) | 0.7009 |
| Immunosuppressive therapy | 01 (1.6) | 01 (0.8) | 0.6321 |
| TPN use | 07 (10.9) | 16 (12.9) | 0.6967 |
| ICU admission | 01 (1.6) | 09 (7.3) | 0.0992 |
| Fever (> 37.5°C) | 08 (12.5) | 17 (13.7) | 0.8170 |
| Laboratory findings | |||
| C-reactive protein (mg/dL, n=132) | 6.8 ± 8.8 | 8.9 ± 8.3 | 0.1182 |
| WBC (10³/μL, n=152) | 12.0 ± 7.5 | 10.9 ± 6.1 | 0.3580 |
| Albumin (g/dL, n=128) | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 3.4 ± 0.7 | 0.3657 |
| Microbiological clearance | |||
| Clearance within 7 days | 19 (29.7) | 35 (28.2) | <0.0001 |
| Persistence after 7 days | 18 (28.1) | 02 (1.6) | |
| E. coli bacteremia | 17 (26.6) | 19 (15.3) | 0.0635 |
| Adequate empirical antibiotic use | 22 (34.4) | 70 (56.5) | 0.0041 |
| Adequate definite antibiotic use | 29 (45.3) | 80 (64.5) | 0.0115 |
Data are numbers (%), except for age, Charlson comorbidity index, and laboratory findings, which are mean ± standard deviation.
*Bold formatting indicates statistical significance. Abbreviations: rUTI, recurrent urinary tract infection; sUTI, single episode of urinary tract infection; BPH, benign prostate hyperplasia; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; ICU, intensive care unit; WBC, white blood cell.