Ann Clin Microbiol 2025;28(1):2. Composition, developmental patterns, and pathological associations of the human gut mycobiome

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Table 1. Disease-specific alterations in the gut mycobiome
DiseasesIncreaseDecreaseReferences
Crohn’s diseaseAspergillus clavatus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae,
Cryptococcus neoformans, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces marxianus		Saccharomyces cerevisiae[17, 44]
Ulcerative colitisC. albicans, DebaryomycesAspergillus flavus, A. cibarius, C. soja, D. hansenii[17]
Irritable bowel syndromeCladosporium, Malassezia, C. albicans, S. cerevisiaeAspergillus, Mycosphaerella, Sporidiobolus, Pandora[17]
Intestinal GVHDC. albicans, C. parapsilosis [17]
Rheumatoid arthritisC. albicans [45]
Ankylosing spondylitisAlternaria, Candida, Chytridiomycota, GlomeromycotaAmphinema, Cleululina[46]
Colorectal cancerMalassezia mycetomatis, Malassezia, Trichosporon, A. ramulosa, C. tropicalisSaccharomyces[11, 17, 23, 47, 48]
Pancreatic cancerMalassezia [17]
Gastric carcinogenesisAlternaria, CandidaSaitozyma, Thermomyces[17]
Alcoholic liver diseaseCandidaDebaryomyces, Epicoccum, Galactomyces, Penicillium[17]
Liver cirrhosisCandida [17]
Primary sclerosing cholangitisCandida, Exophiala, HumicolaSaccharomyces cerevisiae[17]
Clostridioides difficile infectionAspergillus, Cladosporium, C. albicans [17]
COVID-19 infectionC. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrataA. flavus[17]
Hepatitis B virus infectionAspergillus, Candida, Galactomyces, SaccharomycesChaetomium[49]
HIV infectionCandida, C. albicans [50, 51]
ObesityCandida, Nakaseomyces, Penicillium, PichiaMucor, Wallemia, Bettisa[52]
Type 1 diabetesCandida, Saccharomyces [17]
Type 2 diabetesAspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium, Kodamaea, Meyerozyma, MortierellaMucor, Mucor restricta[17]
Atherosclerosis Mucor racemosus, Mucor restricta[17]
Multiple sclerosisAspergillus, Saccharomyces [53]
Rett syndromeCandidaA. versicolor[17]
Autism spectrum disorderS. cerevisiae [17]
SchizophreniaChaetomiumTrichoderma[54, 55]
Alzheimer’s diseaseC. albicans, S. cerevisiae, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Kazachstania, Phaeococcomyces, C. tropicalis, Schizophyllum communeMeyerozyma, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa[17]

Abbreviations: GVHD, graft-versus-host disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.