Ann Clin Microbiol 2025;28(1):2. Composition, developmental patterns, and pathological associations of the human gut mycobiome

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Table 1. Disease-specific alterations in the gut mycobiome
Diseases Increase Decrease References
Crohn’s disease Aspergillus clavatus, Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. lusitaniae, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Debaryomyces hansenii, Kluyveromyces marxianus Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17, 44]
Ulcerative colitis C. albicans, Debaryomyces Aspergillus flavus, A. cibarius, C. soja, D. hansenii [17]
Irritable bowel syndrome Cladosporium, Malassezia, C. albicans, S. cerevisiae Aspergillus, Mycosphaerella, Sporidiobolus, Pandora [17]
Intestinal GVHD C. albicans, C. parapsilosis [17]
Rheumatoid arthritis C. albicans Aspergillus [45]
Ankylosing spondylitis Alternaria, Candida, Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota Amphinema, Clavulina [46]
Colorectal cancer Malassezia mycetomatis, Malassezia, Trichosporon, A. ramulosa, C. tropicalis Saccharomyces [11, 17, 23, 47, 48]
Pancreatic cancer Malassezia [17]
Gastric carcinogenesis Alternaria, Candida Saitozyma, Thermomyces [17]
Alcoholic liver disease Candida Debaryomyces, Epicoccum, Galactomyces, Penicillium [17]
Liver cirrhosis Candida [17]
Primary sclerosing cholangitis Candida, Exophiala, Humicola Saccharomyces cerevisiae [17]
Clostridioides difficile infection Aspergillus, Cladosporium, C. albicans [17]
COVID-19 infection C. albicans, C. auris, C. glabrata A. flavus [17]
Hepatitis B virus infection Aspergillus, Candida, Galactomyces, Saccharomyces Chaetomium [49]
HIV infection Candida, C. albicans [50, 51]
Obesity Candida, Nakaseomyces, Penicillium, Pichia Mucor, Wallemia, Bettsia [52]
Type 1 diabetes Candida, Saccharomyces [17]
Type 2 diabetes Aspergillus, Candida, Cladosporium, Kodamaea, Meyerozyma, Mortierella Mucor, Mucor restricta [17]
Atherosclerosis Mucor racemosus, Mucor restricta [17]
Multiple sclerosis Aspergillus, Saccharomyces [53]
Rett syndrome Candida A. versicolor [17]
Autism spectrum disorder S. cerevisiae [17]
Schizophrenia Chaetomium Trichoderma [54, 55]
Alzheimer’s disease C. albicans, S. cerevisiae, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Kazachstania, Phaeococcomyces, C. tropicalis, Schizophyllum commune Meyerozyma, Rhodotorula mucilaginosa [17]

Abbreviations: GVHD, graft-versus-host disease; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019.