Fig. 2. Relationship between adeJ pump gene expression and resistance to each antibiotics. Relative expression of adeJ efflux pump gene in non-susceptible (NS) group was higher than that of susceptible (S) group to each antibiotics in general. The statistically significant difference was found between S and NS groups to cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid, tigecycline, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, respectively. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.001. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean.
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:45-54. Role of Efflux Pump Gene adeIJK to Multidrug Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates Download image
Fig. 1. Relative expression of the adeJ efflux pump gene determined by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR in A. baumannii type strain (ATCC19606), multidrug resistant A. baumannii AYE strain, 70 strains of multidrug resistant A. baumannii (MDRAB) and 30 strains of non-MDRAB clinical isolates. The normalized expression of adeJ was calibrated with the expression of A. baumannii ATCC 19606. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean. *P < 0.05.
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:45-54. Role of Efflux Pump Gene adeIJK to Multidrug Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates Download image
Table 1. Oligonucleotide primers used in this study
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:45-54. Role of Efflux Pump Gene adeIJK to Multidrug Resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates Download table PCR Gene Primer Sequences (5′ → 3′) AT References Conventional PCR gyrB Multiplex 1 Sp4F CAC GCC GTA AGA GTG CAT TA 60°C (11) Sp4R AAC GGA GCT TGT CAG GGT TA […]
Fig. 3. Correlation between bloodstream infection (BSI) by glucose non-fermenters and average monthly temperature from 2008–2016. (a) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by Acinetobacter spp. (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.0500x+2.065, r = 0.2100, P = 0.0292. (b) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by Acinetobacter spp. (cases per 106 patient days), y = -0.121x+25.202, r = -0.1148, P = 0.2368. (c) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by P. aeruginosa (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.000520x+0.455, r = 0.0137, P = 0.8879. (d) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by P. aeruginosa (cases per 106 patient days), y = 0.0565x+8.814, r = -0.0957, P = 0.3241. CO, community-onset; HA, hospital-acquired; Temp., temperature.
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download image (a) Community-onset BSI by Acinetobacter spp. (b) Hospital-acquired BSI by Acinetobacter spp. (c) Community-onset BSI by P. aeruginosa (d) Hospital-acquired BSI by P. aeruginosa
Fig. 2. Correlation between bloodstream infection (BSI) by gram-negative bacilli and average monthly temperature from 2008–2016 based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. (a) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by E. coli (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.540x+52.754, r = 0.3304, P = 0.0005. (b) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by E. coli (cases per 106 patient days), y = 0.128x+23.142, r = 0.1443, P = 0.1363. (c) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by K. pneumoniae (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.193x+22.874, r = 0.1986, P = 0.0394. (d) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by K. pneumoniae (cases per 106 patient days), y = 0.124x+20.931, r = 0.1094, P = 0.2596. CO, community-onset; HA, hospital-acquired; Temp., temperature.
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download image (a) Community-onset BSI by E. coli (b) Hospital-acquired BSI by E. coli (c) Community-onset BSI by K. pneumoniae (d) Hospital-acquired BSI by K. pneumoniae
Fig. 1. Correlation between bloodstream infection (BSI) by gram-positive cocci and average monthly temperature from 2008–2016 based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient. (a) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by S. aureus (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.00337x+1.774, r = 0.0565, P = 0.5612. (b) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by S. aureus (cases per 106 patient days), y = 0.0588x+29.781, r = 0.0444, P = 0.6484. (c) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of community-onset BSI by Enterococcus spp. (cases per 105 patient days), y = 0.0488x+9.558, r = 0.0952, P = 0.3273. (d) Temperature (°C) vs. incidence rate of hospital-acquired BSI by Enterococcus spp. (cases per 106 patient days), y = -0.495x+59.061, r = -0.3020, P = 0.0015. CA, community-onset; HA, hospital-acquired; Temp., temperature.
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download image (a) Community-onset BSI by S. aureus (b) Hospital-acquired BSI by S. aureus (c) Community-onset BSI by Enterococcus spp. (d) Hospital-acquired BSI by Enterococcus spp.
Table 3. Incidence of hospital-acquired bloodstream infections according to acquisition site and seasonal changes
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download table Etiologic agents Hospital-acquired (cases per 106 patient days) P Warm months Cold months M 95% CI IQR M 95% CI IQR S. aureus 29.10 24.90-33.70 22.50-37.10 26.90 23.60-32.70 20.80-34.70 0.6467 Enterococcus spp. […]
Table 2. Incidence of community-onset bloodstream infections according to acquisition site and seasonal changes
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download table Etiologic agents Community-onset (cases per 105 patient days) P Warm months Cold months M 95% CI IQR M 95% CI IQR S. aureus 17.88 16.16-20.01 13.96-20.92 16.80 15.63-19.17 15.25-20.37 0.6769 Enterococcus spp. […]
Table 1. Etiologic agents of bloodstream infections according to acquisition site (2008–2016)
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:33-43. Season and Temperature Effects on Bloodstream Infection Incidence in a Korean Tertiary Referral Hospital Download table Year S. aureus Enterococcus spp. E. coli K. pneumoniae Acinetobacter spp. P. aeruginosa Total CO HA CO/HA Total CO HA CO/HA Total CO HA CO/HA Total CO […]
Table 6. Sequencing based MTB complex differentiation for exact tandem repeat D
Ann Clin Microbiol 2020;23:21-31. Frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Among M. tuberculosis Complex Strains Isolated from Clinical Specimen Download table Organisms Total No. of ETR-D MTB H37Rv 3 (3 x 77 bp) M. bovis AN5 4 (3 x 77 bp, 1 x 53 bp) M. bovis* 4 (3 x 77 bp, 1 x 53 bp) M. bovis […]